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Nova Scotian Settlers (Sierra Leone)
The Nova Scotian Settlers or ''Sierra Leone Settlers'' (also known as the ''Nova Scotians'' or more commonly as ''the 'Settlers'') were enslaved Africans from the United States and also from the Caribbean, including maroons from Jamaica and other Caribbean islands, who founded the settlement of Freetown and the second colony of Sierra Leone on March 11, 1792. The majority of these black immigrants were among 3000 former slaves and free blacks known as Black Loyalists〔Schama, Simon, ''Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution'', Viking Canada (2005) p. 11〕 who sought refuge with the British during the American Revolutionary War.〔(Birchtown Plaque "The Black Loyalists AT Birchtown" (1997) )〕 The Nova Scotian settlers were jointly led by former soldier Thomas Peters and John Clarkson, an English abolitionist and first governor of Freetown, who became a respected friend and patron of the Nova Scotian settlers.
Although the Maroons of Jamaica (with the maroons existing today in Jamaica) and other transatlantic immigrants contributed toward the development of Freetown, the Nova Scotian Settlers were the single greatest Western black influence on the making of Freetown, Sierra Leone and their legacy remains there till this day. For most of the 19th century the Settlers resided in Settler Town; today their descendants are found among the Sierra Leonen Krio. The Nova Scotian settlers have been the subject of many social science books which have examined how the Nova Scotians brought 'America' to Africa as the founders of the first permanent ex-slave colony in West Africa which proved quite influential throughout the region.
From 1792 to the late 19th century the Settlers remained a distinct ethnic group within Sierra Leone. Some loan words in the Krio language and the "bod oses" of their modern day descendants, the Creoles, are considered to be one of the cultural imprints still present in Creole culture that the Settlers brought from America.
==Background and immigration to Nova Scotia==
After the British lost the American War of Independence, 3,000 Black Americans were evacuated to Nova Scotia and their names were recorded in the Book of Negroes. Nearly two thirds of the Nova Scotian settlers were from Virginia. The second largest group of settlers were from South Carolina, and a smaller number were from Maryland, Georgia, and North Carolina. Thomas Jefferson referred to these people as "the fugitives from these States".〔Jefferson, Thomas. "(To John Lynch Monticello, January 21, 1811 )." ''American History.''〕 One visitor to Sierra Leone distinguished the Settlers from other ethnic groups because of the "American tone" or accent, common to American slaves and lower class North American working-class people of the time.〔'Some grammatical characteristics of the Sierra Leone letters' by Charles Jones, in ''Our Children Free and Happy: Letters from Black Settlers in Africa in the 1790s'', edited by Christopher Fyfe, Edinburgh University Press, 1991, p82〕 Some of the settlers also had Native American or European ancestry; at least fifty were born in Africa. Many Nova Scotian blacks intermarried with Europeans while living in Sierra Leone. The Nova Scotians' political ideology of a democratic government was at odds with the Sierra Leone Company's imperialistic colony. The Nova Scotians referred to themselves as the "Settlers" or "Nova Scotians" in Sierra Leone. Later scholars would describe them as "Afro-American".〔(Brown, Wallace, ''The Black Loyalists in Canada'', United Empire Loyalists' Association of Canada (1990), p. 14 online publication featured in "Our Roots / Nos Racines" website )〕
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